The one who is in the sun Essay Example for Free

The one who is in the sun Essay The manipulation of the regular repetition creates contrast and opposition, which produces emotions and makes the story appealing. The contrast also tends to unsettle the readers and make them pay more attention. The rhythm of the story is manipulated by excluding proverbs from the end of the story to prevent monotony and predictability and makes it more memorable. This interruption of the rhythm creates aesthetic tension by means of the fulfillment and defiance of the readers expectations. The repetition of the proverbs creates a pattern, but the pattern is interrupted by the omission of the proverbs. There are also other elements repeated throughout Zabi Naka. The themes of evil, poverty, death, stealing, fighting and righteousness are recurring. The repetition of these components gets vital concepts before the reader more than once and emphasizes the key ideas of this piece of writing. These themes are repeated to accentuate the meaning of the story. The repetition of both the proverbs and the themes in the story creates layers. The layering gives depth and texture to the story. Having the obvious story, then other themes and issues woven in creates the layering. The layering is an embellishment taking something and adding a dimension to it. This tends to instill a sense of wholeness in the reader. The layers of the story make it complete. I believe that interruption also makes the story extraordinary. The proverbs themselves are an interruption of the storyline. The repetition of the pattern of the story, then a proverb, then back to the story is also interrupted by the absence of the proverbs in the second part of the story when the war occurs. The rhythm of the story is interrupted by the lack of proverbs. This constant disturbance throughout the story creates a multitude of layers, making the story more whole. The combination of interruption, layering, repetition, and proverbs make Zabi Naka the incredible work of art that it is. They add meaning and emotion to the story and also make it complete. These artistic characteristics have thoroughly deepened the story and made it interesting.

Explore the different ways the poets describe the city of London in Ess

Explore the different ways the poets describe the city of London in their poems. Explore the different ways the poets describe the city of London in their poems. You should consider the poems equally and use the texts to support your ideas. The poems ‘London’ by William Blake and ‘composed upon Westminster Bridge’ by William Wordsworth are both a description of the same city, however they both take opposite viewpoints when describing their own perception. In the poem ‘London’, Blake takes a negative view of the city. He presents the people as being unhappy, in the first stanza he talks of â€Å"marks of weakness, marks of woe† this suggests misery and perhaps failure. The negativity is emphasised by the repetition in the sentence and the alliteration on the w. Wordsworth however sheds a different light on the city, immediately showing appreciation. He uses some quite royal and perhaps religious language such as â€Å"majesty† and â€Å"temples†. This is a suggestion towards the beauty underneath the normal images of London, portraying the city as being like a kingdom. It brings in the idea of belief, opposing the idea of â€Å"weakness† in Blake’s poem ‘London’. In this poem, Blake talks of a â€Å"black’ning church† this suggests poverty and destruction. Blackened literally by the smoke and pollution in the air, and perhaps blackened metaphorically by the misery within the city. The colour black immediately brings bad thoughts to the mind, thoughts of danger and despair. On the contrary, Wordsworth appeals to the reader’s senses by describing the sun as â€Å"bright and glittering in the smokeless air†. This differs dramatically to Blake’s description as it brings a bright sense of colour to the mind and a feeling of warm... ... is there a different perception of the city between the poems, but a different time of day, and a different effect on it’s readers. Both poems end on incredibly different notes, Wordsworth sums up the splendour of London using the line â€Å"and all that mighty heart is lying still†. This suggests that the peace in the city is always there, even when the bustle of the city awakens. ‘London’ however, ends with a negative tone, speaking of a young prostitute; this creates a very emotive and powerful end to the poem. Outlining the distressing view of the city. In comparison, although both poets are relating to the same place, they describe them as being totally different, based on their own opinions. This could be because of the time of day or perhaps because of their own experiences but their imagery both shed totally different light on the city of London. Explore the different ways the poets describe the city of London in Ess Explore the different ways the poets describe the city of London in their poems. Explore the different ways the poets describe the city of London in their poems. You should consider the poems equally and use the texts to support your ideas. The poems ‘London’ by William Blake and ‘composed upon Westminster Bridge’ by William Wordsworth are both a description of the same city, however they both take opposite viewpoints when describing their own perception. In the poem ‘London’, Blake takes a negative view of the city. He presents the people as being unhappy, in the first stanza he talks of â€Å"marks of weakness, marks of woe† this suggests misery and perhaps failure. The negativity is emphasised by the repetition in the sentence and the alliteration on the w. Wordsworth however sheds a different light on the city, immediately showing appreciation. He uses some quite royal and perhaps religious language such as â€Å"majesty† and â€Å"temples†. This is a suggestion towards the beauty underneath the normal images of London, portraying the city as being like a kingdom. It brings in the idea of belief, opposing the idea of â€Å"weakness† in Blake’s poem ‘London’. In this poem, Blake talks of a â€Å"black’ning church† this suggests poverty and destruction. Blackened literally by the smoke and pollution in the air, and perhaps blackened metaphorically by the misery within the city. The colour black immediately brings bad thoughts to the mind, thoughts of danger and despair. On the contrary, Wordsworth appeals to the reader’s senses by describing the sun as â€Å"bright and glittering in the smokeless air†. This differs dramatically to Blake’s description as it brings a bright sense of colour to the mind and a feeling of warm... ... is there a different perception of the city between the poems, but a different time of day, and a different effect on it’s readers. Both poems end on incredibly different notes, Wordsworth sums up the splendour of London using the line â€Å"and all that mighty heart is lying still†. This suggests that the peace in the city is always there, even when the bustle of the city awakens. ‘London’ however, ends with a negative tone, speaking of a young prostitute; this creates a very emotive and powerful end to the poem. Outlining the distressing view of the city. In comparison, although both poets are relating to the same place, they describe them as being totally different, based on their own opinions. This could be because of the time of day or perhaps because of their own experiences but their imagery both shed totally different light on the city of London.

Hospital Organization

Hospitals continue to be the largest segment of the health care industry, measured by economic volume and delivery of a wide range of professional services. HEALTH CARE SERVICES The different segments of the health care delivery system provide various combinations of services. The specific combination offered depends on a variety factors that prevail in a location, including state and local licensing laws, reimbursement structures, availability of medical personnel and facilities, and the demographic details (such as age and industrial distribution) of the potential patient population.The unique aspect of the health care industry from an audit perspective is the health care delivery system – the revenue cycle. The other cycles are essentially similar to those in manufacturing or selling enterprises. Services are generally described by a six-level classification. Those levels indicate, but do not strictly define, the type of organization, the level of medical treatment involved , or the severity of, or prognosis for, the medical situation. The levels are: †¢Preventive – Health education and prevention programs provided by business and other organizations, such as schools and family planning clinics. Primary – Early detection and routine treatment of health problems, such as are often provided by physicians’ offices, industrial and school health units, and hospital outpatient and emergency departments.†¢Secondary – Acute care services, typically provided by medical personnel, through hospitals, using elaborate diagnostic and treatment procedures. †¢Tertiary – Highly technical services, such as for psychiatric and chronic diseases, provided through specialty facilities and teaching hospitals. †¢Restorative – Rehabilitative and follow-up acre, typically provided by home health agencies, nursing homes, and halfway houses. Continuing – Long-term, chronic care, typically provided by geriatric d ay care centers and nursing homes. The growing economic magnitude of the health care system has led to increased regulatory activities focusing on health care. This increase in regulation interacts with a growing demand for more health care and for increasingly technical and complex methods of providing it. The largest and most evident regulatory activity involves reimbursement by state governments. Other regulatory activities are concerned in varying degrees with the availability and quality of health care.There are continued initiatives by state government to link such regulations to reimbursement in order to enforce compliance. The presence of multiple regulatory systems influences the demand for and the nature of professional accounting services required by health care institutions. Those systems often emphasize reporting requirements, and health care institutions tend to view compliance reporting as a major use of accounting data. Auditing services in particular are affected be cause the regulatory agencies rely heavily on the attest activities of the health care institution’s independent accountant.STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION Patient care is the essential function of a hospital. Other vital roles include medical education and research. Recently, many larger general hospitals have become total community health centers, providing a wide range of outpatient services in addition to traditional impatient care. One characteristic of the growth of the health center concept is the emergence of such diverse related organizations as real estate holding companies and medical management companies.These organizations are a response to changes in the reimbursement, regulatory, tax and financial environment facing hospital management. Such nontraditional organizational structures and patterns of activity are needed to provide adequate financial resources to support the delivery of health care by hospitals. Some observers see these changes as leading to major multi hospital systems, so that in the future a few major health entities may control the majority of the hospital beds in the country. Hospitals may be classified by type of ownership and mode of operation, as follows: Government – Hospitals operated by governmental agencies and providing specialized services to specific groups and their dependents, such as the military, veterans, government employees, the indigent and the mentally ill. †¢Investor-owned (proprietary) – Hospitals owned by individual proprietors or groups of proprietors or by the public through stock ownership. The objective of such hospitals is to operate for profit. †¢Voluntary nonprofit – Hospitals operated under the sponsorship of a community, religious denomination, or other nonprofit entity.This is the largest category (in number of hospitals), comprising two major types: teaching hospitals and community hospitals. a. Teaching hospitals – Generally university-related hospitals, t heir health care service activities combine education, research and a broad range of sophisticated patient services. Large community hospitals affiliated with medical schools and offering intern and resident programs are also considered teaching hospitals. b. Community hospitals – Hospitals that traditionally are established to serve a specific area, such as a city, town, or county, and usually offer more limited services than teaching hospitals do.Hospitals may also be categorized by the type of care provided, as short-term (acute), general, long-term general, psychiatric, and other special care. The mode of a hospital’s operation and type of care occur in various combinations, such as government psychiatric or short-term pediatric. THIRD-PARTY REIMBURSEMENT OR PAYMENT A major difference between health care entities and commercial enterprises is that the recipient of health care services – the patient – in most cases does not pay directly for the service s. Instead, payment is made by some other organization.The payment is often referred to as a â€Å"third party†. Typically, a hospital’s most significant patient revenue sources are its reimbursement contracts with third parties. In each case, there is an identifiable group of patients whose health care services are paid for, in whole or in part, by the third party. The amount of the reimbursement, as well as the eligible class of patients and other administrative matters, is covered by regulations or contracts. The major third parties are governmental agencies. Of these, the state government is the largest.Medicard is state-administered third-party reimbursement program designed to underwrite hospital costs of the medically indigent and those eligible for certain types of public welfare. Medicare is a third-party reimbursement program administered by the Health Care Financing Administration of the Department of Health and Human Services. State governments have long be en involved in reimbursement for health care services, and their involvement has increased through participation in the Medicard Program. Recently, the continued growth of third-party expenditures for reimbursement has fostered a number of state-based cost control programs.Of increasing importance are a wide variety of controls at the state level, usually referred to by terms such as state rate control. The state government has been quite active in encouraging or supporting such programs. The impact of governmental and commercial third parties on hospital is affected by when the reimbursement or payment is determined and the basis of the reimbursement or payment. Third-party reimbursement systems are either retrospective or prospective. Retrospective refers to third-party reimbursement systems that determine the amount to be paid after the services have been performed.In prospective payment systems, the amount is determined before the services have been performed. Reimbursements or payments are usually based on either the costs (to the hospital) of services performed for eligible patients or the amounts charged by the hospital for such services. The regulations or contracts of the third party contain specific provisions designed to ensure that only certain costs or charges enter into the determination of the reimbursement or payment. There are also provisions to ensure that reimbursement or payment is made only for services to eligible patients.Third-party payers can be expected to continue to refine their approach as the volume of payments increases. The difference between the hospitals established rates for services rendered and the amounts received or receivable from third-party payers known as a contractual allowance and is shown as a deduction from gross patient revenues on the statement of revenues and expenses. PAYMENTS AND SETTLEMENTS Under many retrospective reimbursement and prospective payment contracts, the hospital is paid throughout the year on a n interim basis.The payment is based on estimates of costs expected to be incurred during the year in serving patients. At the end of the fiscal year, a reimbursement report is filed with each third party, and any difference between the final cost settlements, by providing an independent basis for third-party reliance on the hospital’s accounting records. Reimbursement reports typically include cost-finding calculations that segregate direct costs by cost centers and allocate overhead costs from indirect or nonrevenue-producing centers to revenue-producing centers, using one of several allocation methods.Departments that provide direct patient services such as nursing, laboratory, and radiology are examples of revenue-producing centers, while support or overhead units such as laundry, dietary, and administrative services are typical nonrevenue-producing cost centers. This allocation produces an operating cost for each revenue-producing center, consisting of its direct costs p lus its share of indirect costs. After all costs have been assigned to revenue-producing centers, they are apportioned to the various third-party payers. STATISTICSDepartmental activity or usage statistics are employed in most cost-finding methods used to allocate overhead costs to revenue-producing centers. Some statistics, such as square feet of space, may remain unchanged from prior years. The auditor should, however, inquire whether changes have occurred. Simple observation is helpful; a new wing, department, or floor plan means that statistics must be updated. Certain statistical information is generated by the various transaction cycles. Examples of statistics that are generated in the buying cycle are: Payroll pesos – Used to allocate employee benefits, health and welfare costs, and other compensation costs. †¢Hours worked – Used to allocate nursing administration costs and sometimes employee cafeteria costs. †¢Full-time equivalent employees (FTE) â₠¬â€œ Sometimes used to allocate employee cafeteria costs. Other statistics utilized in cost-finding and third-party reimbursement are generated by departmental activity studies and surveys. Examples of such statistics are pounds of laundry, housekeeping hours of service, social service hours, and cost of drugs and medical and surgical supplies issued to nursing stations.Medicare regulations require a study of at least four 2-week periods annually. FUND ACCOUNTING The audit guide prescribes the use of fund accounting for the external financial statements of nongovernment, not-for-profit hospitals. Fund accounting entails the maintenance of separate or group accounts for hospital resources according to the spending objectives set by donors, other outside sources, or the board of trustees. (Investor-owned hospitals are regarded as business enterprises and report as such. ) Two broad classes of funds are used: †¢Unrestricted funds, which encompass assets other than those that are r estricted, as defined below.Many authorities believe that this class of funds should be referred to as general and that the term unrestricted is misleading, since restrictions other than those imposed by donors or grantors may be placed on assets of these funds. A reserve account maintained under a bond indenture provision is an example of an asset that is included in unrestricted funds but is restricted as to use. †¢Restricted funds, which encompass assets that are subject to restrictions imposed by specified external parties, that is, donors or grantors. Examples are plant replacement and endowment funds. AUDIT STRATEGY AND RISK ASSESSMENTIn many ways, the accounting systems and controls that operate in health care institutions are the same as those in any other industry. Because of regulation by governmental agencies and consumer group pressures, however audit concerns for hospital client is expanded considerably. Those concerns, fee pressures because of the nonprofit nature of many institutions, and competition among firms all create a need for this audit analysis to streamline audit procedures and improve audit efficiency as much as possible. In developing an audit strategy for a hospital engagement, the auditor had a thorough understanding of the patient mix.The geographic location of the hospital, the range of service it provides, and state regulations influence the age, financial status, and insurance coverage of the patient population. In particular, the audit strategy will vary depending on whether the services are rendered on a charge-paying or cost-reimbursement basis. If most of the hospital’s services will be paid on a cost-reimbursement basis; the propriety of costs incurred is a primary concern of the auditor. The accuracy of departmental revenue classification is also important in the cost apportionment process.The payment is made either directly by the patient or by third parties based on actual charges billed; auditing statistica l data and departmental cost classification is deemphasized since those data do not affect revenue. In planning hospital audit, it is important to have an understanding of the hospital’s current financial position and financial trends. Analyzing financial ratios may lead to a fuller understanding of the hospital’s operations and problems than could be obtained from reviewing raw data. It is also helpful to compare the hospital’s operations and financial position with those of the other institutions.Inherent risk in considerations in the health care industry revolves around the third-party reimbursement structure. A key concern is billing procedures, which are complicated by the very significant involvement of third parties. TYPICAL TRANSACTIONS, INTERNAL CONTROLS, AND AUDIT TESTS PATIENT REVENUE CYCLE The major source of revenues in a hospital is services provided to patients. Revenue was recorded, at hospital’s established rate, on the accrual basis at t he time services are performed. Patient service revenues are recorded separately by source (laboratory revenues) and by patient type (inpatient or outpatient).Additionally, the source of payment of each patient is essential information that was captured by the accounting system. Hospitals generally billed inpatients after completion of a patient’s stay in the hospital. The actual amount received by the hospital may vary depending on contractual arrangements between the hospital and the patient or a third-party payer. Services rendered to private-paying patients are billed at the established rates, except that courtesy allowances may be granted to doctors, employees, or members of religious orders and charity allowances may be granted as determined by patient needs and hospital policy.To understand the hospital’s patient revenue cycle, the auditor should become familiar with the various functions and departments that may serve patients and should also understand how tho se functions and departments relate to accounting for patient revenue. SUBSTANTIVE TESTS OF ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE Hospital receivables have several characteristics not normally found in receivables of commercial organizations. First, full-rate charges to patients for services received may be settled for an amount less than the full rate because of contractual arrangements with third-party payers courtesy, charity, or other policy discounts.In addition, large amounts of receivables are paid by third-parties, and payment may be made by a single payer or combination of payers (e. g. , commercial insurance, Medicare, Medicard, workers’ compensation and the patient. ) Since a patient may have more than one insurer, it is possible for duplicate payments to be made on the patient’s account. This results in credit balances in accounts receivable, which are characteristic of hospitals with aggressive billing procedures.The auditor should review the components of these credit bala nces, and if they are significant, consider reclassifying them. Since the hospital must refund duplicate payments, the auditor should review controls over issuance and use of refund checks to determine that they are for valid credit balances and that they are payable to the proper payee. In most hospitals, accounts receivable are classified according to the patient’s billing status, generally using the following categories: †¢Inpatient:Admitted but not discharged (commonly referred to as â€Å"in-house patients†) Discharged but not billed (accounts awaiting final or â€Å"late† charges, or unbilled as a result of a backlog in billing procedures – which might indicate a control weakness) Discharged and billed †¢Outpatient: Unbilled Billed These categories of inpatients and outpatients may be expanded further to indicate private-paying status or third-party responsibility for payment. The existence and accuracy of accounts receivable are normally tested by reviewing subsequent cash receipts.The validity of admitted-but-not discharged patient receivables can be tested by comparing accounts with the daily census report or by relying on compliance tests of admitting function. Confirming balances with patients may be difficult, and the auditor should consider confirming other items, such as number of days spent in the hospital, types of insurance coverage, or, at least, the policy number and insurance company. This information confirms that the patient was in the hospital. Negative confirmations generally produce adequate results for the â€Å"self-pay† or patient portion of the bill.Typical responses for the third-party portion state that the patient believes the bill will be paid by the insurance company or that the patient is unable to confirm because of insufficient information. NONPATIENT REVENUES Revenues from sources other than patient charges consist of interest on invested funds, unrestricted gifts and grants, tr ansfers from restricted funds, and expenditures of restricted fund assets for the benefit of unrestricted (general) funds. Audit steps for material nonpatient revenues should include, but not limited to: †¢Confirming investment activity with banks or an external trustee. Reviewing date and documents underlying gifts, grants, and bequests, such as board minutes, correspondence, and acknowledgement receipts. †¢Reviewing research or grant documentation. †¢Confirming pledges (or otherwise obtaining satisfaction as to their existence) and evaluating their collectability. BUYING CYCLE Payroll. Hospital employees may be classified as professional and nonprofessional. Examples of professional staff are registered nurses and licensed vocational nurses. Nonprofessional employees include orderlies, housekeeping and maintenance personnel, and kitchen staff.Control over both professional and nonprofessional time is critical since salary costs constitute a significant portion of ho spital costs. Generally, the same payroll audit procedures used in other organizations of comparable size also apply to hospitals. Compliance testing of total payroll costs should include tests of controls over classification of costs by department, which is important for purposes of reimbursement and also for cost reporting. Misclassification of a reimbursable cost to a no reimbursable cost center could result in failure to receive reimbursement for that cost.The auditor typically reviews the appropriateness of the account distribution and traces amounts to the payroll register or distribution summaries. Those registers or summaries are tested for mathematical accuracy and then agreed to the appropriate general ledger accounts. Other Expenses. Hospital expenses are typically classified by departmental function (such as nursing services and laboratory services). Proper classification of costs by department is important for financial statement purposes as well as cost reporting and r eimbursement.The auditor should test the propriety of the general ledger account distribution by reference to purchasing documentation. Fixed Assets. Controls over the acquisition of property, plant, and equipment by a hospital should be the same for a commercial enterprise. Some hospital departments own and use expensive, highly specialized equipment, such as nuclear magnetic resonance devices. Department heads should, of course, but that involved in capital budgeting and purchasing decisions, but that involvement should not extend to overriding controls that have been instituted for purchases generally.

The efficacy of applying the fundamental rule of law in combating the upsurge risks of global terrorism - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2267 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Tags: Terrorism Essay Did you like this example? RESEARCH PROPOSAL A) Research Topic The research topic will focus on the area of constitutional law, in particular, the efficacy of applying the fundamental rule of law in combating the upsurge risks of global terrorism. Hence, the proposed research title will be: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The war on terror and its impact on the rule of law: a juristic analysis. B) Background of research Lately, we often hear many cases of terrorist attacks that has opened the door to a myriad of questions about what has gone wrong with our society today. Has the society begun to abhor the principle of the rule of law? Has our rule of law being sidestepped? We heard and read of so many condemnations and justifications when the case of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Sydney Cafe Siegeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" occurred last December 2014 and just as we were about to forget the tragic episode, the recent merciless attack at à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Charlie Hebdoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in Paris surfaced within a gap of l ess than a month from the former that sent shock waves to the whole world. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The efficacy of applying the fundamental rule of law in combating the upsurge risks of global terrorism" essay for you Create order The most recent case being the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Garissa University Collegeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ massacre in Kenya that killed nearly 150 people. It has now become an incessant universal problem and in no time we will definitely hear another similar tragedy soon in some part of the world. Regrettably, to date we hear absolutely nothing about any solid solutions to prevent another future recurrence of such terrorist acts in another part of the world. Most world leaders took the stand that we had to stay vigilant at all time. Is that all we can do? Even our own Defence Minister had cautioned us, as reported in the press that such acts of terrorism could happen on our very own soil in Malaysia. The seriousness of our government in combating terrorism can be seen with the urgent tabling and passing of the proposed new law known as the Prevention of Terrorism Act (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"POTAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢) by the Home Minister in the recent Parliamentary sitting after more than 10 hours of debat e. Some opposing legislators argued during the debate session that the POTA is controversial and unnecessary as the existing laws for e.g. SOSMA is adequate to tackle the imminent threat of terrorism, therefore POTA can be subjected to abuse if allowed. But whether it is controversial or is it just another piece of draconian laws has yet to be seen. However, a close scrutiny is required to evaluate it, and this will be delved as part of my research interest here. Now, when speaking about terrorism, the mind-boggling questions are: What and where is the cause of the problem? And how can we educate the peoples from shunning such radical ideology adhered by the terrorists? It was against the backdrop of this ever present polemic by neo-fascist groups that motivate this research topic. The paper will look at the impact terrorism will bring that will seriously affect the application of the rule of law of the nations à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" an established principle of law that we have been adopted over the years. The case of Charlie Hebdo not only made us cogitate, but open our eyes to whether the shooting was indeed a gross attack on freedom of speech/expression/fundamental human rights or was it motivated solely by religious fanaticism as some argued. For the human rights group, they will argue that the critical issue here involves debunking the idea of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"freedom of speechà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Its certainly not right for the Cherif and Said Kouachi to defend their conduct by insinuating or claiming that the Publisher of the magazine had insulted their religion and similarly, the weekly cannot justify their acute act of provocation under the disguise of freedom of expression. Now the issue to be dealt with here is, does the freedom of speech mean we have a broad permission to insult and hurt others without any limitations? Thus, it is admittedly that the relationship between freedom of expression, opinion, speech and the rule of law is a corollary one: one supports the other. For the rule of law to be operative, we certainly need to respect the freedom of speech, in order for people to observe and critique the making and application of the laws, not to mention their interpretation and its implementation in the court system. Equally, the rule of law can be an ambiguous expression. It may mean different things for different scholars or jurists. Nonetheless, one thing, that most of us would agree, is that the rule can be simply explained with the following phrase: no one is above the lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  which means the idea that truth, and therefore the law, is based upon fundamental principles which can be discovered, or created by an act of will. Therefore, the principle behind is neither the government nor its public official is above the law or is permitted to act arbitrarily or unilaterally outside the law. The law is intended to preserve against arbitrary governance, whether by an authoritarian leader or mob rule. On the other hand, the term terrorism is not definitive and is a highly contentious to define. There is, to date, no globally accepted, unambiguous definition or description of terrorism. From the start of human civilization, the act of terrorism has already emerged, and there are a variety of causes that influence the belief of terrorism. Many historians hold the view that the act of terrorism is in essence connected to the political hidden agenda. This is evident from the ongoing brutal killings happening in the Middle East lately that testifies to the political nature of terrorism before the emergence of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Islamic State in Iraq and Syriaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (ISIL) group. So, the act of terror can be widely construed as the unauthorized method to implement the principles at will, thus compelling the affected to agree to that principle despite their incompatibility. One thing for sure is that the propaganda of aggression and instilling of fear is the primary goal of terroris m. This is proven by the conduct of the ISIL terrorists in the middle east lately that involves themselves in inhumanly violent activities conspicuously. Another classification of terrorist can be seen in terms of making known their ideology through the political platform. And some were due to their excessive involvement in repressive conditions. They seek for alternative ways to convey a change in their lives (Raphaeli, 2003). For e.g. the majority of such groups can be found in the regions of Bosnia and Georgia. Their clash exists in terms of ethnic factors, after the fall of the Soviet Union. What is more alarming from the 1990s onwards, is ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ° new form of ÃÆ'‘-ntÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µrnÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °tÃÆ'‘-onÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °l tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µrrorÃÆ'‘-sm display thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °t sÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µms lÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µss rÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °tÃÆ'‘-onÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °l, lÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µss focusÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µd, morà ƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ ÃÆ'‘-ntÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µrnÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °tÃÆ'‘-onÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °l ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °nd morÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ dÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °dly IslÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °mÃÆ'‘-st tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µrrorÃÆ'‘-sm (CrÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µnshÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °w, 1981). In fÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °ct, mÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °ny of thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °usÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µs ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °nd motÃÆ'‘-vÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °tÃÆ'‘-ons ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °rÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ stÃÆ'‘-ll vÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µry sÃÆ'‘-mÃÆ'‘-lÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °r to whÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °t wÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ mÃÆ'‘-ght cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °ll trÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °dÃÆ'‘-tÃÆ'‘-onÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °l modÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µrn tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µrrorÃÆ'‘-sm. WhÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °t ÃÆ'‘-s dÃÆ'‘-ffÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µrÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µnt ÃÆ'‘-s thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ ÃÆ'‘-dÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µologÃÆ'‘-cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ° l bÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °sÃÆ'‘-s of rÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µlÃÆ'‘-gÃÆ'‘-on, thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ broÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °d dÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µfÃÆ'‘-nÃÆ'‘-tÃÆ'‘-on of thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µnÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µmy, thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µvolutÃÆ'‘-on of tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µrrorÃÆ'‘-st tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °ctÃÆ'‘-cs ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °nd thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ dÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µsÃÆ'‘-rÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °nd thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ potÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µntÃÆ'‘-ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °l dÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µvÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °stÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °tÃÆ'‘-ng lÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µvÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µls of dÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µstructÃÆ'‘-on. A renowned example is the radical group calling themselves ISIS as highlighted earlier. These IslÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °mÃÆ'‘-st ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µxtrÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µmÃÆ'‘-sts sÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µm wÃÆ'‘-llÃÆ'‘-ng to ÃÆ'‘-gnorÃÆ' Ã ƒâ€šÃ‚ µ thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °boos ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °gÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °ÃƒÆ'‘-nst kÃÆ'‘-llÃÆ'‘-ng ÃÆ'‘-nnocÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µnt pÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µoplÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °nd ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °blÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ to rÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °tÃÆ'‘-onÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °lÃÆ'‘-zÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘-r ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °ctÃÆ'‘-ons by dÃÆ'‘-stortÃÆ'‘-ng IslÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °mÃÆ'‘-c tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °chÃÆ'‘-ngs. LÃÆ'‘-kÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ rÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µvolutÃÆ'‘-onÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °ry sÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µculÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °r; ISIS is tryÃÆ'‘-ng to ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µstÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °blÃÆ'‘-sh ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °n ÃÆ'‘-dÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µologÃÆ'‘-cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °l foundÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °tÃÆ'‘-on for thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘-r strugglÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µs to establish an Islamic Caliphates. To thÃÆ'‘-s ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µnd, they are prepared to dÃÆ'‘-stort thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °chÃÆ'‘-ngs of IslÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °m to dÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µfÃÆ'‘-nÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ° common ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µnÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µmy. ThÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °t ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µnÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µmy ÃÆ'‘-s dÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µscrÃÆ'‘-bÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µd ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °s thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ WÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µstÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µrn culturÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ of dÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µmocrÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °cy (dÃÆ'‘-smÃÆ'‘-ssÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µd ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °s ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °ntÃÆ'‘IslÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °mÃÆ'‘-c by thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ ÃÆ'‘-dÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µologuÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µs of IslÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °mÃÆ'‘-c tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µrrorÃÆ'‘-sm), cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °pÃÆ'‘-tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °lÃÆ'‘-sm (ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °s rÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µportÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µd by ÃÆ'‘- mpÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µrÃÆ'‘-ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °lÃÆ'‘-st ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µxploÃÆ'‘-tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °tÃÆ'‘-on), ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °nd ÃÆ'‘-ndÃÆ'‘-vÃÆ'‘-duÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °lÃÆ'‘-sm (thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ opposÃÆ'‘-tÃÆ'‘-on of IslÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °mÃÆ'‘-sts who bÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µlÃÆ'‘-ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µvÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ ÃÆ'‘-n ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ° nÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µw cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °lÃÆ'‘-phÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ to lÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °d thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ communÃÆ'‘-ty of MuslÃÆ'‘-ms ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °round thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ world. This research paper will also briefly examine the Islamic texts from the Holy Quran/Sunnah that are being relied upon by the ISIS extremists to advance their goals and whether, they are deviating from the Islamic Fiqh. The findings will disclose the cause that motivates religious terrorism. To date, states hÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °v ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ hÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °d rÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µlÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °tÃÆ'‘-vÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µly showing poor rÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µsults in contÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °ÃƒÆ'‘-nÃÆ'‘-ng or ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µlÃÆ'‘-mÃÆ'‘-nÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °tÃÆ'‘-on of vÃÆ'‘-olÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µncÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ perpetrated by the terrorists/extremists. ThosÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ who hÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °vÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ succÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µdÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µd hÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °vÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ usÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µd ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µxtrÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µmÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ mÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °surÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µs of rÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µprÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µssÃÆ'‘-on thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °t hÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °vÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ thrÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µnÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µd thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ rulÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ of lÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °w, pÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µrsonÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °l frÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µdoms ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °nd humÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °n rÃÆ'‘-ghts. ThÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µrÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ must bÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ° better response (CrÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µnshÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °w, 1981). It has been argued that the ineptitude of the government in handling counter-terrorism response, thereby jeopardizing the basic ideas such as that of the rule of law. As human rights advocates have recognized, it is vital for governments to protect their citizens from terrorism, which endangers personal liberty. At the same time, democratic nations committed to the rule of law must resist the pressures to neglect the fundamental rights as enshrined in their respective constitution in the name of fighting terrorism. It sÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µms thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °t thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ solutÃÆ'‘-ons to tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µrrorÃÆ'‘-sm cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °n bÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ found ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °t ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °ny stÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °gÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ of ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µvolutÃÆ'‘-on or dÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µtÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µrÃÆ'‘-orÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °tÃÆ'‘-on of thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ polÃÆ'‘-tÃÆ'‘-cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °l procÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µss.ThÃÆ'‘-s suggests thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °t we must fÃÆ'‘-rst undÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µrstÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °nd thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ hÃÆ'‘-storÃÆ'‘-cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °l contÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µxt of currÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µnt conflicts (YÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °hyÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °, 2002). So what is the rule of law? How does it operate? In a nutshell, the concept of the rule of law can be traced to its historical beginning as a means of protection from the tyrannical Rule of man and the abuse of power by the State. Philosopher Friedrich von Hayek once defined the concept as Stripped of all its technicalities; which means that the government of the day in whatsoever actions it takes is bound by the rules fixed and announced in advance to the peoples. And such rules which are made to enable us to foresee with a fair degree of certainty how the authority will apply its coercive powers in any given situation, and to plan ones own individual affairs base on that prior knowledge we have gained. C) Research Objective To understand the root cause that motivates terrorism; To conceptualize the meaning of the Rule of Law with the changing society in light of the global trends in counter-terrorism activities; To discern the rule of lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s evolution with the continued demands for internal security to fight terrorism. To focus on the impact on the application of the rule of law in the modern context in combating terrorism; To bring forth the possible solution, implementation and comprehensive understanding vis- a-vis the war against terror. D)Research Methodology The proposed research methodology in this study will be based mainly on Doctrinal method of research by various scholars familiar with that field. This doctrinal work selected is both analytical and descriptive. The data will be compiled and gathered from different sources and analysed to explore the desired objective. Analysis reports of research committees, conferences, and commissions will be taken as reference. The majority of information will be amassed from secondary sources, i.e. selected books, articles, journals, the internet and a few related case laws will be examined to achieve the objectives of this research paper. Opinions of other research scholars, academicians, jurists and other experts will be added to provide the necessary support for this study. E)Work Schedule The time frame required for this research until its completion is estimated between 2-3 years of study. F)Bibliography: CrÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µnshÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °w, MÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °rthÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °, (1981), ThÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °usÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µs of tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µrrorÃÆ'‘-sm. CompÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °rÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °tÃÆ'‘-vÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ polÃÆ'‘-tÃÆ'‘-cs, 13(4): 379-399; Fiss O, (2006) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The War Against Terrorism and the Rule of Lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Oxford Journal of Legal Studies. Friedrich von Hayek (1994).à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Road to Serfdom,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Chicago: University of Chicago Press; Neal Katyal, (2007), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Equality in the War on Terrorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Stanford Law Review, Vol. 59, No. 5, Symposium: (Global Constitutionalism), pp. 1365-1394 OConnell, Mary Ellen(2004) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" The Legal Case against the Global War on Terror à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ 36 Case W. Res. J. Intl L. 349; Raphaeli, N. (2003) Financing of Terrorism: Sources, Methods and Channels, Terrorism and Political Violence; Wimmer, K. (2006). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Toward a world rule of law: Freedom of expressionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,603(1), 202-216. YÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °hyÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °, HÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °run, (2002), ThÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ RÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °l IdÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µologÃÆ'‘-cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °l Root of TÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µrrorÃÆ'‘-sm: DÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °rwÃÆ'‘-nÃÆ'‘-sm ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °nd mÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µrÃÆ'‘-ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °lÃÆ'‘-sm. IslÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °m DÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µnouncÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µs TÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µrrorÃÆ'‘-sm, onlÃÆ'‘-nÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µdÃÆ'‘-tÃÆ'‘-on;